Parenthetical referencing

Parenthetical referencing is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses.^[1] They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations".^[2]^[3] Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of footnote citations (the Vancouver system).

Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two citation styles:

Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing):^[4] primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association (APA) (see APA style);
Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA) (see MLA Handbook).

^ libguides, liu.cwp. "Parenthetical Referencing". liu.cwp.libguides.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
^ "Author–date system". Chicago Manual of Style, Williams College Libraries. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
^ Pears, R.; Shields, G. (2008). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Pear Tree Books. ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6.
^ "Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing (5th edition)". Anglia Ruskin University. 2012-05-21. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-17.

[1] uides, liu.cwp. "Parenthetical Referencing". liu.cwp.libguides.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2022-10-07.

[2] "Author–date system". Chicago Manual of Style, Williams College Libraries. Retrieved 2010-10-25.

[3] Pears, R.; Shields, G. (2008). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Pear Tree Books. ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6.

[Ruskin-4] "Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing (5th edition)". Anglia Ruskin University. 2012-05-21. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-17.

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